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List of large-volume volcanic eruptions in the Basin and Range Province

Large-volume volcanic eruptions in the Basin and Range Province include Basin and Range eruptions in Utah, California, Idaho, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, Arizona, Nevada, Wyoming, and Oregon, as well as those of the Long Valley Caldera geological province and the Yellowstone hotspot.

Volcanic fields

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The volcanic fields within the Basin and Range Province include Northwestern Nevada, the Modoc Plateau, Central Nevada, the Great Basin, Southwestern Nevada, the Mojave Desert, and the Long Valley Caldera regions. Named fields include Coso Volcanic Field, Mono Lake Volcanic Field, Marysvale Volcanic Field, San Juan volcanic field, Indian Peak, Central Colorado volcanic field, Jemez volcanic lineament, Mogollon-Datil volcanic field, Santa Rosa-Calico, and Boot Heel volcanic field.

Geological features

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Many geological features in Western United States have a Northeastern orientation; the North American craton motion has the same orientation as well.[1] For example: the Trans-Challis fault zone in Idaho, the Snake River in Oregon, the Garlock Fault in California, the Colorado River in Utah, the Colorado Mineral Belt, Crater Flat-Reveille Range-Lunar Crater lineament, the Northwestern Nevada volcanic field, the San Juan caldera cluster in Colorado, the Socorro-Magdalena caldera cluster in New Mexico, Jemez Lineament, and the Yellowstone hotspot trail. But the Yellowstone hotspot trail was modified through faults and extension.

Geology

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Prior to the Eocene Epoch (55.8 ± 0.2 to 33.9 ± 0.1 Ma), the convergence rate of the Farallon and North American Plates was fast and the angle of subduction was shallow. During the Eocene, the Farallon Plate subduction-associated compressive forces of the Laramide orogeny ended, plate interactions changed from orthogonal compression to oblique strike-slip, and volcanism in the Basin and Range Province flared up. It is suggested that this plate continued to be underthrust until about 19 Ma, at which time it was completely consumed and volcanic activity ceased, in part. Olivine basalt from the oceanic ridge erupted around 17 Ma and extension began.[2][3][4][5][6] The extension resulted in roughly north-south-trending faults, the Great Basin, the Walker trough, the Owens graben, and the Rio Grande rift, for instance.

List of large-volume eruptions in the Basin and Range Province

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Main article: List of large volcanic eruptions
See also: Timeline of volcanism on Earth and List of Quaternary volcanic eruptions

The large-volume eruptions in the Basin and Range Province include:

Large-Volume Eruptions in the Basin and Range Province
Name or Source Counties States Age (Ma) VEI Volume Notes References
Long Valley Caldera Mono California 0.7589 ± 0.0018 7 600 km3 (140 cu mi) Created the Bishop tuff [7][8]
Valles Caldera Sandoval New Mexico 1.15 7 600 km3 (140 cu mi) Created the Tshirege formation of the Bandelier tuff [8][9][10]
Valles Caldera Sandoval New Mexico 1.47 Created the Otowi member of the Bandelier tuff [8][9][11][12]
Lake Owyhee volcanic fields Malheur Oregon 15 to 15.5 May have been due to the Yellowstone hotspot [13]
Northwest Nevada volcanic field Washoe, Humboldt Nevada 15.5 to 16.5 May have been due to the Yellowstone hotspot. Calderas include Virgin Valley, High Rock, Hog Ranch, and others. Tuffs include Idaho Canyon, Ashdown, Summit Lake, and Soldier Meadow. [14][15][16][17][18]
Columbia River Basalt Province Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Washington 14 to 17 240,000 km3 (58,000 cu mi) [8][19][20][21][22][23]
Mount Belknap Caldera Beaver, Piute Utah 19 150 km3 (36 cu mi) 17 km × 12 km (10.6 mi × 7.5 mi); Marysvale Volcanic Field; Joe Lott tuff [8][24]
Big John Caldera Utah 22 50 km3 (12 cu mi) 10 km × 6 km (6.2 mi × 3.7 mi); Marysvale Volcanic Field; Delano Peak tuff [8]
Monroe Peak Caldera Utah 23 200 km3 (48 cu mi) 20 km × 16 km (12.4 mi × 9.9 mi); Marysvale Volcanic Field; Osiris tuff [8][24]
Lake City calderas Colorado 23.1 300 km3 (72 cu mi) 20 km (12 mi); San Juan volcanic field; Sunshine Peak tuff [8][25][26]
Turkey Creek Caldera Cochise Arizona 25 500 km3 (120 cu mi) 25 km (16 mi); Rhyolite Canyon Formation; Chiricahua National Monument [8][27]
Lake City calderas Colorado 25.9 200 to 500 km3 (48 to 120 cu mi) 25 km (16 mi); San Juan volcanic field [8][28]
Questa Caldera Taos New Mexico 26 400 km3 (96 cu mi) 15 km (9.3 mi); Questa-Latir volcanic locus; Amalia tuff [8][24]
Creede Caldera Colorado 26.7 500 km3 (120 cu mi) 24 km (15 mi); San Juan volcanic field; Wheeler Geologic Area; Snowshoe Mountain tuff [28][29]
San Luis Caldera Complex Colorado 26.8 562 km3 (135 cu mi) 18 km (11 mi); San Juan volcanic field; Wheeler Geologic Area; Nelson Mountain tuff [8][28]
San Luis Caldera Complex Colorado 26.9 250 km3 (60 cu mi) 18 km (11 mi); San Juan volcanic field; Wheeler Geologic Area; Cebola Creek tuff [28]
San Luis Caldera Complex Colorado 27 150 km3 (36 cu mi) 18 km (11 mi); San Juan volcanic field; Wheeler Geologic Area; Rat Creek tuff [8][28]
Three Creeks Caldera Utah 27 100 to 200 km3 (24 to 48 cu mi) 8 km (5.0 mi); Marysvale Volcanic Field; Cove Fort-Sulphurdale area; Three Creeks tuff [8][24]
South River Caldera Colorado 27.1 500 km3 (120 cu mi) San Juan volcanic field; Wheeler Geologic Area; Wason Park tuff [8][28]
Central San Juan Caldera Colorado 27.2 250 km3 (60 cu mi) San Juan volcanic field; Blue Creek tuff [8][28]
Bachelor Caldera Colorado 27.35 1,200 km3 (290 cu mi) 20 km × 28 km (12 mi × 17 mi); San Juan volcanic field; Wheeler Geologic Area; Carpenter Ridge tuff [29]
Silverton Caldera Colorado 27.6 50 to 100 km3 (12 to 24 cu mi) 20 km (12 mi); San Juan volcanic field; Crystal Lake tuff [8][28]
La Garita Caldera Colorado 27.8 8 5,000 km3 (1,200 cu mi) 100 km × 35 km (62 mi × 22 mi); San Juan volcanic field; Wheeler Geologic Area; Fish Canyon tuff [29][30][31]
San Juan Caldera Colorado 28 1,000 km3 (240 cu mi) 22 km × 24 km (14 mi × 15 mi); San Juan volcanic field; Sapinero Mesa tuff [8]
Uncompahgre Caldera Colorado 28.1 1,000 km3 (240 cu mi) 23 km × 20 km (14 mi × 12 mi); Uncompahgre National Forest; San Juan volcanic field; Dillon/Sapinero Mesa tuff [8][32]
Lost Lake Caldera Colorado 28.2 100 to 500 km3 (24 to 120 cu mi) San Juan volcanic field; Blue Mesa tuff [8]
Platoro calderas Colorado 28.2 1,000 km3 (240 cu mi) San Juan volcanic field; Chiquito Peak tuff [8]
Central San Juan Caldera Colorado 28.3 500 km3 (120 cu mi) San Juan volcanic field; Masonic Park tuff [8][28]
Ute Creek Caldera Colorado 28.3 500 km3 (120 cu mi) Central Colorado volcanic field; Ute Ridge tuff [8][33]
Large-volume eruptions of the Southwestern Nevada volcanic field (SWNVF)
Caldera name Age (Ma) Volume Notes References
Black Mountain Caldera 7 ± 1 300 km3 (72 cu mi) 18 km (11 mi) wide; Thirsty Canyon tuff [8][24]
Timber Mountain caldera complex 11.45 900 km3 (220 cu mi) 30 km × 25 km (19 mi × 16 mi); Timber Mountain tuff – Ammonia Tanks member [8][34]
Timber Mountain caldera complex 11.6 1,200 km3 (290 cu mi) Timber Mountain tuff – Rainer Mesa member [8][34]
Paintbrush Caldera 12.7 1,000 km3 (240 cu mi) 20 km (12 mi) wide; Paintbrush tuff – Topopah Spring member [8][34]
Paintbrush Caldera 12.8 1,200 km3 (288 cu mi) Paintbrush tuff – Tiva Canyon member [8][34]
Silent Canyon Caldera 13 200 km3 (48 cu mi) 20 km × 16 km (12.4 mi × 9.9 mi) [8][24]
Crater Flat Group 13.25 650 km3 (156 cu mi) Belted Range tuff [8]

List of Rupelian calderas

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The Rupelian age/stage (Paleogene period/system, Oligocene epoch/series) spans the time between 33.9 ±0.1 Ma and 28.4 ±0.1 Ma (million years ago).

Large-Volume Eruptions in the Basin and Range Province
Name or Source Counties States Age (Ma) VEI Volume Notes References
Bursum Caldera New Mexico 28.5 ± 0.5 1,050 km3 (250 cu mi) 40 km × 30 km (25 mi × 19 mi); Mogollon-Datil volcanic field; Bloodgood Canyon tuff [8][35]
Bursum Caldera New Mexico 28.5 ± 0.5 1,200 km3 (290 cu mi) 40 km × 30 km (25 mi × 19 mi); Mogollon-Datil volcanic field; Apache Springs tuff [8][35]
San Juan Caldera Colorado 28.5 900 km3 (220 cu mi) San Juan volcanic field [8][32]
Summitville Caldera Colorado 28.5 100 to 500 km3 (24 to 120 cu mi) 12 km × 8 km (7.5 mi × 5.0 mi); San Juan volcanic field; Ojito Creek / La Jadero tuffs [8][36][37]
Mount Hope Colorado 29 500 km3 (120 cu mi) 15 km (9.3 mi); San Juan volcanic field; Masonic Park tuff [8][25]
White Rock Caldera Nevada 29.02 ± 0.04 2,600 km3 (620 cu mi) 50 km (31 mi); White Rock Mountains; Lund tuff [8][38]
Ute Creek Colorado 29 500 km3 (120 cu mi) 8 km (5.0 mi); San Juan volcanic field; Ute Ridge tuff [8][25]
Platoro calderas Conejos Colorado 29.5 500 km3 (120 cu mi) 12 km × 18 km (7.5 mi × 11.2 mi); San Juan volcanic field; Black Mountain tuff [8][36][37]
Indian Peak Nevada 29.5 3,200 km3 (770 cu mi) Wah Wah Springs tuff [8][39]
Platoro calderas Conejos Colorado 30 592 km3 (142 cu mi) 18 km × 22 km (11 mi × 14 mi); San Juan volcanic field; La Jara Canyon tuff [8][29][36]
Goodsight–Cedar Hills volcano-tectonic depression New Mexico 30.5 ± 1.5 295 km3 (71 cu mi) Bell Top formation [8][40]
William's Ridge Nevada 31.4 3,500 km3 (840 cu mi) Windous Butte tuff [8][41]
North Pass Caldera Colorado 32.25 400 to 500 km3 (96 to 120 cu mi) Central Colorado volcanic field; Saguache Creek tuff [8][42]
Organ Caldera New Mexico 32 500 km3 (120 cu mi) 16 km (9.9 mi); Cueva Soledad rhyolite [8][40]
Chinati Caldera Texas 32.5 ± 0.5 1,000 km3 (240 cu mi) 30 km × 20 km (19 mi × 12 mi); Mitchel Mesa rhyolite [8][43]
Bonanza Colorado 32.5 100 km3 (24 cu mi) 12 km (7.5 mi); Central Colorado volcanic field; Bonanza tuff [8][44]
Cowboy Rim Hidalgo New Mexico 33 500 km3 (120 cu mi) 26 km × 18 km (16 mi × 11 mi); Gillespie tuff [8][45]
Emory Caldera Grant New Mexico 33 8 1,310 km3 (310 cu mi) 25 km × 55 km (16 mi × 34 mi); Mogollon-Datil volcanic field; Kneeling Nun tuff [8][46][47][48][49]
Socorro Caldera Socorro New Mexico 33 500 km3 (120 cu mi) 25 km × 35 km (16 mi × 22 mi); Hells Mesa rhyolite [8][29][50]
Marshall Creek Colorado 33.7 100 km3 (24 cu mi) Thirtynine Mile volcanic area; Central Colorado volcanic field; Thorn Ranch tuff [8][51]
Mount Aetna Colorado 33.81 100 km3 (24 cu mi) 10 km (6.2 mi); Central Colorado volcanic field; Badger Creek tuff [8][52]
Grizzly Peak Caldera Colorado 34.31 100 km3 (24 cu mi) 12 km (7.5 mi); Central Colorado volcanic field; Grizzly Peak rhyolite [8][52]
Juniper Caldera Hidalgo New Mexico 35 500 km3 (120 cu mi) Oak Creek Tuff [8][45]
Mount Princeton Colorado 35.3 ± 0.6 1,000 km3 (240 cu mi) Central Colorado volcanic field; Wall Mountain tuff [8][44][53]
Davis Mountains Texas 35.35 ± 0.6 210 km3 (50 cu mi) Wild Cherry tuff; Casket Mountain lava [8][54]
Davis Mountains Texas 35.61 ± 0.09 200 km3 (48 cu mi) Barrel Springs formation; Ash Flow tuff [8][54]
Quitman Caldera Hudspeth Texas 36 300 km3 (72 cu mi) 15 km × 10 km (9.3 mi × 6.2 mi); Square Peak volcanics [8][24]
Davis Mountains Texas 36.2 ± 0.6 300 km3 (72 cu mi) Mafic lavas [8][54]
Davis Mountains Texas 36.33 ± 0.13 150 km3 (36 cu mi) Paisano Volcano tephra [8][54]
Davis Mountains Texas 36.51 ± 0.05 210 km3 (50 cu mi) Adobe Canyon and Limpia formations [8][54]
Davis Mountains Texas 36.82 ± 0.08 1,250 km3 (300 cu mi) Flood rhyolites, rhyolite domes, and Gomez tuff [8][54]
Muir Caldera Hidalgo New Mexico 37 300 km3 (72 cu mi) 26 km × 18 km (16 mi × 11 mi); Woodhaul Canyon tephra [8][24][55]
Infernito Caldera Texas 37.5 ± 0.5 85 km3 (20 cu mi) 12 km (7.5 mi); Buckshot tuff [8][24]
Thomas Caldera Millard Utah 39 400 km3 (96 cu mi) 16 km × 25 km (9.9 mi × 15.5 mi); Mount Laird tuff [8][24]
Twin Peaks Caldera Custer Idaho 45 500 km3 (120 cu mi) 20 km (12 mi); Challis volcanic field; Challis Creek tuff [8][56]
Van Horn cauldron complex Custer Idaho 46 ± 0.6 34 km × 48 km (21 mi × 30 mi); Challis volcanic field; Elis Creek tuff [8][57]
Silver Bell Caldera Arizona 55.8 8 km (5.0 mi); Mount Laird tuff [8][58]
Silver Bell Caldera Arizona 68 150 km3 (36 cu mi) 8 km (5.0 mi); Lithic tuff [8][24]
Tucson Mountain Caldera Pima Arizona 73 500 km3 (120 cu mi) 25 km (16 mi); Cat Mountain tuff [8][28][59]

References

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  30. ^ Largest explosive eruptions: New results for the 27.8 Ma Fish Canyon Tuff and the La Garita caldera, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado Archived 2011-05-19 at the Wayback Machine
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  32. ^ a b Lipman et al. (1973).
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  53. ^ "Online guide to the continental Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in the Raton basin, Colorado and New Mexico, Description of the Route from Denver to Raton". USGS. Retrieved 2010-03-30.
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  55. ^ Deal et al. (1978).
  56. ^ Hardyman (1981).
  57. ^ Moye et al. (1988).
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  59. ^ "Geologic Setting – How the Tucson Valley and Surrounding Mountains Formed". Pima Community College. Retrieved 2010-05-15.

Sources

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Columbia River Basalt Province-sources

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Peter W. Lipman – sources

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Maps

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